As the puppy matures it tends to develop a natural immunity to the effects of … The duration of administration depends on the condition being treated, response to the medication and the development of any adverse effects. 2000 Oct 1;125(19):582-4. Show Less. Sharon Witonsky, ... J.P. Dubey, in Equine Infectious Diseases (Second Edition), 2014. Ponazuril has a long half-life in horses, and concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are 3.5%-4% of serum concentrations but high enough to inhibit protozoa. 2009 Mar;23(1):1-5. doi: 10.1647/2007-049R.1. Sulfadimethoxine Albon Coccidiosis 12.5mg Double First dose Once a day. Toltrazuril sulfone is the most appropriate marker residue for chicken and turkey. Toltrazuril 5% - 200mL Horses Greyhounds Camels Alpacas Pigeons. Supplementation with folinic acid (5 mg/cat, once daily, PO) or brewer's yeast (100 mg/kg, once daily, PO) may prevent or reverse the anemia.12 No drug clears all of the tissue cysts; so, cats remain infected for life. Relevance and treatment of coccidiosis in domestic pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) with particular emphasis on toltrazuril.  |  Possible adverse effects observed in a low number of horses during the field trial included blisters on the nose and mouth, skin rash or hives, loose feces, and mild colic. This antiprotozoal agent is used in Babesia treatment as injections administered 2 weeks apart. Coccidiostats less commonly used outside poultry: Synthetic coccidiostats, i.e., robenidine, decoquinate, and nicarbazin. Jane E. Sykes, Mark G. Papich, in Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases, 2014, Toltrazuril and its major metabolite ponazuril (toltrazuril sulfone, Marquis) are triazine-based antiprotozoal drugs that have specific activity against apicomplexan coccidial infections. Was this review helpful to you? It has been used to treat piglets with diarrhea caused by Isospora suis. Of canine protozoal infections, giardiasis and amoebiosis can be treated with substances of the nitroimidazole group. TOLTRAZURIL Oral Suspension 5% affects schizonts, micro- and macrogametes, but not the tissue cells of the host animals as was shown in light and electron microscopic studies. NLM I have been told it is 1 ml per 5 pounds. This is a revolutionary product that is effective in eliminating coccidia in one to two doses, yet is safer and more effective than Albon. At 10 times the label dose (50 mg/kg) for 10 days, adverse effects included intermittent anorexia, weight loss, and mild colic. Three groups of six puppies were treated 3 dpi with 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg body weight of toltrazuril suspension (5%); the remaining six puppies served as non-treated controls. Ponazuril and toltrazuril have been used in animals to treat isosporiasis, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, and equine protozoal meningoencephalitis. For dogs and cats, 25 mg per pound (50 mg/kg) daily for three consecutive days is usually effective. Cats co-infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) do not respond to anti–T. Coccidia tend to thrive in young and immunologically naive individuals kept in overcrowded and wet conditions with high infective pressure from the environment. However, ocular and CNS signs resolve more slowly and thoracic radiographic changes may take weeks to resolve.30 Some CNS changes may never completely resolve. Of the 38 horses with unsuccessful outcomes, 8 showed noticeable improvement during the treatment period and then regressed during the 90-day follow-up period, suggesting that a longer period of treatment may have been needed. Loss of appetite 2. HorsePreRace.com is Your Shopping Source For: Vitamins & Supplements for Race Horses, Dogs / Greyhounds, Camels, Alpacas, & … Taking care to provide the birds with a dry and clean environment (i.e., use of the grid floor) where they cannot contact large numbers of infective oocysts substantially lowers the risk of developing the clinical coccidiosis and other stress- and density-related diseases. Toltrazuril 5% Suspension 200ml Bottle Save 4% Save $ 5.00 Only $ 120.00 $ 125.00 $ 120.00 TOLTRAZURIL (Compare to the active ingredients in Baycox 5%), most effective, non-invasive treatment for Coccidiosis on the market in as few as 1-2 doses. It causes DNA fragmentation, which damages Leishmania organisms. Gastrointestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs: Occurrence, Pathology, Treatment and Risk to Shelter Workers. Exaggerated dosages had no adverse effect on health or pathologic (clinical, gross, micro) indices. Know about technical details of Toltrazuril like: chemical name, chemistry structure, formulation, uses, toxicity, action, side effects and more at Pharmacompass.com. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) has been reported in some dogs, particularly in breeds with a predisposition to KCS. Twenty-four puppies were experimentally infected each with 4 × 104 oocysts of the Cystoisospora ohioensis group. The terminal elimination half-life of ponazuril in serum was 4.3 ± 0.6 days.173 At 1 µg/mL, ponazuril inhibits growth of S. neurona in vitro by 98.6%; at 0.1 µg/mL, growth is inhibited by 94.4%.174. Oocyst excretion and clinical data were recorded. Toltrazuril, the parent drug, has been used for protozoa such as Isospora, Coccidia spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and Eimeria spp. It is known to be efficacious against canine Isospora infections as well. Lethargy 5. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Toltrazuril appeared to be as effective as trimethoprim-sulfadiazine-clindamycin-pyrimethamine for treatment of canine American hepatozoonosis. 2018 Mar 27;11(1):206. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2797-5. The efficacy of metronidazole has been limited at best, and resistance has also now been reported. Apr 2004;92(6):453-458. In many cases, the safety of Ivermectin is directly related to the dosage administered. USA.gov. The antibiotic clindamycin is commonly used for the treatment bacterial infections, but it can be used in Toxoplasma infections too. Ponazuril is a metabolite of toltrazuril that has proven activity against coccidia. Diarrhea 4. It is widely used in chickens, turkeys, pigs, and cattle for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis, by administration in drinking water. The majority of treatment successes (76%) demonstrated improvement by the end of the 28-day treatment period. Rabbit, dog, mice, and many other animal breeders and pet shelters are using Ponazuril and Toltrazuril for coccidia and toxoplasmosis. Efficacy of emodepside/toltrazuril suspension (Procox® oral suspension for dogs) against mixed experimental Isospora felis/Isospora rivolta infection in cats. Show More. Get a prescription and get one tube only (about $200) from this location. This clearly shows the necessity of appropriate disinfection during and after the outbreak of the disease to reduce the infective pressure from the environment where under appropriate conditions oocysts can survive several months. infections in dogs and cats, but its efficacy is unclear. Toltrazuril works by damaging the intracellular developmental stages of coccidia without damaging the cell tissue of the host animal. Toltrazuril cannot be used in animals from which eggs are produced for human consumption. Penicillin 6. It is an active metabolite of toltrazuril (toltrazuril sulfone). The most common side effects in dogs and cats are gastrointestinal upset, including vomiting and diarrhea. Baycox® is indicated for the treatment of preclinical coccidiosis due to Isospora suis in neonatal piglets, for the prevention of clinical signs of coccidiosis and reduction of coccidian shedding in lambs on farms with a confirmed history of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria crandallis and Eimeria ovinoidalis, and for the prevention of clinical signs of coccidiosis and reduction of coccidian shedding in calves on farms with a confirmed history of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii. Epub 2016 Jan 27. Albon is not effective against infections caused by fungus or other types of damage, however. J Parasit Dis. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2402-8. Twenty-four puppies were experimentally infected each with 4 x 10(4) oocysts of the Cystoisospora ohioensis group. The outcome was considered successful for 63 horses (62%) and unsuccessful for 38 horses (38%). Na orale toediening wordt toltrazuril goed geresorbeerd en in de lever gemetaboliseerd. Ingestion of one sporulated oocyst may result in the production of several thousand up to several millions of next-generation oocysts. Your vet may require you to buy 4 tubes of Ponazuril (Bayer Marquis) for $800. Uterine edema was observed at necropsy of three of four mares treated with ponazuril at 30 mg/kg. One should not drive a vehicle if using the medicine makes you drowsy, dizzy or lowers your blood-pressure extensively. Parasitol Res. In clinical studies in horses with EPM, 62% of 101 horses were treated successfully with doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg for 28 days. Seppo Saari DVM, ... Sven Nikander DVM, PhD, in Canine Parasites and Parasitic Diseases, 2019. In two studies to evaluate the efficacy of ponazuril against naturally acquired C. ohioensis-like infections, Beagle puppies were … Following repeated oral administration to chickens of 14C-toltrazuril during 2 days, 50% and 90% of the total radioactivity administrated was eliminated by 4.5 and 15.5 days after dosing, respectively. Proper hygiene, including the use of disposable litter boxes and frequent removal of feces, is also necessary. There are very few toxic substances used for killing oocysts in the environment and these include ammonia water or formaldehyde fumes, and wet flaming (flaming previously wetted surfaces) is probably still the method of choice as it gives the best results. View All Customer Reviews: Company. No more scary side effects or need for excessive fluid and beneficial bacterial therapy. By preventing the cell from completing these two procedures, Albon is effective at eliminating the threat of the cell and destro… MRL has been established for this compound in poultry: 200 μg kg−1 (skin/fat), 600 μg kg−1 (liver) and 400 μg kg−1 (kidney). Kennedy et al175 reported that administration of ponazuril 15% oral paste to 24 horses at 0, 10, or 30 mg/kg for either 28 or 56 days resulted in minimal changes in serum biochemical profiles, coagulation profiles, or hematology parameters. Doses of ponazuril used have ranged from 20 to 50 mg/kg for 2 to 5 days. What is your dosage and frequency recommendation for toltrazuril cocciocide in dogs and puppies? Seizures in pets with CNS disorders 7. Answered in 3 minutes by: 12/12/2012. The triazine-derivative antiprotozoals include diclazuril, August's Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 7, It is perhaps also worth considering the use of triazines, such as diclazuril and, Ponazuril (Marquis, Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, MO) is a primary metabolite of, Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. Anecdotal reports exist of the use of ponazuril to treat Isospora spp. Parasite control in Canadian companion animal shelters and a cost-comparison of anthelmintics. Anyone with ANY thoughts or knowledge of this stuff. Ponazuril has anticoccidial activity against a variety of parasites, including S. neurona, and was the first approved medication for treatment of EPM.171 Toltrazuril, the parent drug, has activity on the mitochondria and respiratory chain of some avian coccidian parasites. Convulsions 6. Results of parasitological examinations of faecal samples from cats and dogs in Germany between 2003 and 2010. Suggestion would be to use Marquis or Baycox L … This site needs JavaScript to work properly. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2400-x. In experimentally infected horses, prophylaxis at 5 mg/kg starting 7 days before and continuing 28 days after inoculation with S. neurona sporocysts reduced clinical EPM in horses but did not eliminate infection.177, Furr et al178 assessed the ability of daily feeding of ponazuril to horses to prevent or limit clinical signs of EPM after experimental infection. Under experimental conditions, the non-treated puppies excreted oocysts beginning at 6 dpi and suffered from catarrhalic to haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Toltrazuril is about 50% absorbed after oral administration. Only organisms that produce folic acid are sensitive to the action of sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Ciprofloxacin may result in these side effects: 1. This product works on dogs, cats, birds, ... better because it's very stressful hand rearing kits anyway but extra stressful when Albon can have some significant side effects for such young rabbits. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. In a field trial of ponazuril 15% oral paste, 101 horses with EPM were randomly allocated to treatment at either 5 or 10 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days.176 Diagnosis of EPM was made based on a neurologic gait abnormality of grade 2 or greater, normal cervical radiographs, and the presence of S. neurona–specific antibodies in the CSF by immunoblot analysis. The NOEL for dogs … Toltrazuril is not available within the United States. The bottle - Answered by a verified Dog Specialist Aminophylline 7. There are various kinds of medicines used in protozoan treatment, some of which are more familiar from other than parasitic indications, such as antibiotics. The triazine-derivative antiprotozoals include diclazuril, toltrazuril, and ponazuril. Toltrazuril sulfone was the major metabolite, and 8 days after the last administration in chickens, represented 100% of the total radioactivity in muscle and fat and 80% in the liver. 2.5% 25mg/mL Liquid Toltrazuril Coccidiocide for babies and smaller reptiles! Would you like email updates of new search results? If you experience drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension or a headache as side-effects when using Toltrazuril medicine then it may not be safe to drive a vehicle or operate heavy machinery. Ask Your Own Dog Veterinary Question. Since toltrazuril, unlike sulfonamides, acts well against both merogony and gametogony phase coccidia, it has the benefit of interrupting or greatly reducing oocyst secretion. Share this conversation. The drug options for treating a sick cat include clindamycin, trimethoprim-augmented sulfadiazine, or azithromycin for at least 4 weeks (see Table 23-20). Successful therapeutic management of canine Isosporosis in puppies. Fenbendazole (50 mg/kg once per day for 5 days) is in many countries the primary treatment of Giardia infections in dogs. Oocysts survive in the environment and are not treated by routine disinfectants, such as bleach and quaternary ammonium compounds. Twenty-four puppies were experimentally infected each with 4 x 10(4) oocysts of the Cystoisospora ohioensis group. 2011 Aug;109 Suppl 1:S9-20. Recently, toltrazuril has begun to be used for treatment of EPM. Cyclosporine 8. Substances used to combat coccidiosis can be divided into two major groups: coccidiocidals and coccidiostats, which kill and suppress the development of parasite, respectively. The way that Albon disrupts the bacteria is by targeting two separate but related synthesis processes which are necessary for each bacterial cell in order to survive. One horse, with a prior history of seizures, experienced a seizure while being treated. Although their mechanism of action is unclear, triazines may inhibit metabolic enzymes or decrease pyrimidine synthesis within the apicoplast. Do not use in pets that are allergic to it or other alkylating medications, that have bone marrow disease, have an active infection, or that are pregnant or lactating. In one dog, ocular toxoplasmosis that was refractory to clindamycin resolved after treatment with ponazuril for 28 days.44. Toltrazuril is used to treat EPM (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis), which causes a multitude of effects that manifest in a variety of symptoms. Coccidia of the genus Cystoisospora cause mild to severe diarrhoea in dogs. In dogs (and cats), most coccidia are of the genus called Isospora. Ionophore coccidiostats (altering levels and transport of cations Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in and out of the parasite cells), i.e., salinomycin, monensin, narasin, maduramycin, semduramicin, and lasalocid. These findings suggest that TOLTRAZURIL Oral Suspension 5% interferes with the division of the nucleus and with the activity of the mitochondria which is responsible for the respiratory metabolism of Coccidia. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Fourth Edition), Equine Infectious Diseases (Second Edition). It has long half-life in horses (>4 days) and in cattle (2 to 3 days). Ponazuril is 90% effective at blocking merozoite production in vitro at concentrations of 1 µg/mL and is more than 95% effective at concentrations of 5 µg/mL.167 Diclazuril has demonstrated similar effectiveness in vitro and reaches therapeutic concentrations in the CSF after oral administration.170 A Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved formulation of diclazuril has recently come on the market in the United States as an alfalfa-based antiprotozoal pellet used as a top-dress on feed and indicated for the treatment of EPM caused by S. neurona in horses. 2011 Aug;109 Suppl 1:S45-60. Cataracts if given long-term Ciprofloxacin may react with these drugs: 1. Lloyd S, Smith J. Sulfonamides and trimetoprim are primarily used as antibiotics, but they are effective against some protozoal species as well. It is perhaps also worth considering the use of triazines, such as diclazuril and toltrazuril, because these have reasonable clinical efficacy (60% to 70%) for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.60 Diclazuril, especially when combined with pyrimethamine, was also efficacious in mice with experimentally induced acute toxoplasmosis,61 and toltrazuril has been shown to be effective against the intestinal developmental stages of T. gondii and reasonably effective against extraintestinal stages of T. gondii in cats.62 The dose of toltrazuril in cats reported for treatment of the enteroepithelial cycle is 5 to 10 mg/kg every 24 hours PO for 2 weeks;13 the dose for systemic toxoplasmosis is unknown. Regardless of which species is present, it is generally referred to as the disease, coccidiosis. This is the reason why mammalian cells are impervious to these substances. * Because there is no approved product for use in cats, the equine product Marquis Oral Paste (15% w/w ponazuril; Bayer HealthCare) may be dosed at 50 mg/kg, PO, once daily for 1 to 5 days. coccidiocide effect hebben waarbij niet de trofozoiet maar wel alle overige stadia (schizogenie, gametocytogenie en vorming van zygoten) beïnvloed worden. Joachim A, Shrestha A, Freudenschuss B, Palmieri N, Hinney B, Karembe H, Sperling D. Parasit Vectors. A single oral application of toltrazuril abrogated oocyst shedding and the treated puppies remained generally coproscopically negative during the following 2-4 weeks. Ponazuril was the first drug approved for use in horses for the treatment of EPM in the United States and is commercially available in the United States. Some clinicians recommend increasing the dose (up to 35 mg/kg PO q24h) for the initial 4 days of treatment and then following up with the regular treatment dose for the additional 28 days to prevent recrudescence of disease later. Irrespective of the dose, toltrazuril treatment totally suppressed oocyst excretion and no diarrhoea or other signs of disease were observed in the treated groups. Altreuther G, Gasda N, Schroeder I, Joachim A, Settje T, Schimmel A, Hutchens D, Krieger KJ. Meglumine antimoniate is used in Leishmania treatment and it interferes with the energy metabolism of the protozoan. As with many drugs, higher dosages tend to have higher risks of complications and potential side effects associated. Common side effects include fur loss and changes in hair coat, as well as gastrointestinal upset. Toltrazuril treatment is suitable for controlling cystoisosporosis under experimental and field conditions. There is limited information available on its use in other animals, but some anecdotal accounts on the use for treating toxoplasmosis in cats and protozoa in other species. Triazines i.e., toltrazuril: This realizes a coccidiocidal effect by disruption of nuclear division and functioning of mitochondria. Chlorambucil is given by mouth and is used off label to treat certain types of cancer and autoimmune diseases. The safety of 5% ponazuril oral suspension was evaluated in two-week-old Beagle puppies by administration of 250 mg ponazuril/kg for three consecutive days. Cystoisospora is pathogenic for puppies and can induce severe disease. Vomiting 3. For a cat with proven T. gondii–associated uveitis alone, a topical ocular glucocorticosteroid is the only required treatment; no antibiotics are necessary unless the uveitis is persistent or recurrent.31, Clinical signs such as malaise, fever, and muscle pain should begin to resolve in 2 to 3 days.30 If there is no response within 7 days, switch to or add another drug.31 If there is still no response, search for another condition that may cause the observed clinical signs. Isospora canis and I. ohioensis. The effect is based on the interference with cellular folic acid synthesis. Usage, warnings, side effects, and community information for the prescription drug Toltrazuril Raza A, Rand J, Qamar AG, Jabbar A, Kopp S. Animals (Basel). In turkeys, following repeated administration of unlabeled toltrazuril for 2 days, toltrazuril concentrations in plasma were low and the unchanged compound was not detected 24 h after the last dose. Be sure to discuss any side effects with your veterinarian immediately. The most common side effects in dogs are slight and temporary digestive system disorders such as vomiting or loose stools. Serious side effects include mouth/nose blisters, skin rash/hives, diarrhea, or seizures. Epub 2004 Feb 2012. 2018 Jul 2;8(7):108. doi: 10.3390/ani8070108. When treating for coccidiosis with sulfonamides and trimethoprim, oocyst production can be reduced, but usually not stopped. Parasitol Res. Randolph M. Baral, ... Randolph M. Baral, in The Cat, 2012. Miltefosine is used in Leishmania treatment, usually combined with allopurinol. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Ponazuril is specifically approved for use as a treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), caused by S. neurona. All untreated horses developed signs of neurologic disease consistent with EPM; only 71% and 40% of horses in the 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg ponazuril groups, respectively, developed neurologic abnormalities. The effects of toltrazuril treatment on cystoisosporosis were studied under experimental and field conditions. If uveitis is also present, use appropriate topical, oral, or parenteral corticosteroids. Ivermectin is used in many dosage ranges, depending on the purpose of its usage.  |  Comparison of an injectable toltrazuril-gleptoferron (Forceris®) and an oral toltrazuril (Baycox®) + injectable iron dextran for the control of experimentally induced piglet cystoisosporosis. Cephalosporin antibiotics 4. Ponazuril may also have activity against the plastid body, an organelle of apicomplexan parasites that functions in amino acid synthesis, electron transport, and energy metabolism.171 A chlorophyll complex of coccidian organisms, not found in mammals, appears to serve as the receptor for this drug.172 Because ponazuril is a weak acid with high lipid solubility, it is able to cross the intact blood-brain barrier and enter the CSF, most likely by passive diffusion. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. From: Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases, 2014, A. AnadónMR Martínez-Larrañaga, in Encyclopedia of Food Safety, 2014. Repeat in 2 wks. Treatment success was defined as conversion to a negative CSF immunoblot or demonstrated improvement of at least one neurologic grade on day 118 compared with findings on day 0. Natural infections are common in conventional dog breeding facilities. At 10 times the label dose (50 mg/kg) for 10 days, adverse effects included intermittent anorexia, weight loss, and mild colic. Mark G. Papich DVM, MS, DACVCP, in Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Fourth Edition), 2016. Toltrazuril has been used historically as a coccidiostat against coccidia infections of production animals. 12.5. Toltrazuril suspension or microgranulate were given once in a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively, to naturally infected puppies in conventional dog breeding facilities, depending on the coproscopical evidence of infection. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Be certain to complete the prescription unless specifically directed by your veterinarian. Relatief hoge concentraties worden bereikt in het bloed, de lever en de nieren. Toxicity & adverse effects Toltrazuril is well tolerated in poultry. Antacids 3. The suspension contains 18 mg/mL of toltrazuril, and a single 9-mg/kg dose is recommended. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of toltrazuril in horses when administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 10 days. Twenty-four puppies were experimentally infected each with 4 x 10(4) oocysts of the Cystoisospora ohioensis group. The pharmacokinetics of the triazines in dogs has not been reported. Coccidia of the genus Cystoisospora cause mild to severe diarrhoea in dogs. It interferes with the nucleic acid and protein synthesis of Leishmania. Prophylactic treatment may be instituted in high-risk situations, such as young kittens in environments with documented infection. Triazine resistance has been described in coccidia from production animals.36, In dogs and cats, toltrazuril has been used to treat isosporiasis and hepatozoonosis, although infection may persist in some animals.16,37-42 In Europe it is available in combination with the anthelmintic emodepside (Procox Oral Suspension for Dogs, Bayer Animal Health) for treatment of isosporiasis and roundworm infections in puppies over 2 weeks of age. The goals of treating a cat infected with T. gondii are to reduce shedding of oocysts and to control the clinical signs in sick cats. Toltrazuril appeared to be as effective as trimethoprim-sulfadiazine-clindamycin-pyrimethamine for treatment of canine American hepatozoonosis.16 One dog with Hepatozoon canis infection recovered after treatment with toltrazuril and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,42 but a toltrazuril and imidocarb combination did not offer benefit over treatment of H. canis infection with imidocarb alone.43 Dogs with H. canis infection respond clinically within 72 hours of starting treatment with toltrazuril. Activity of toltrazuril and diclazuril against Isospora species in kittens and puppies. On 12 dpi, four of six non-treated puppies died. Effects of toltrazuril and ponazuril on the fine structure and multiplication of tachyzoites of the NC-1 strain of Neospora caninum (a synonym of Hammondia heydorni) in cell cultures.