These three basic types of complex argumentation structures may be endlessly combined, which makes the level of complexity theoretically unlimited (i.e., 1. Ferguson's (pdf) argument from analogy in law, the classical tradition, and. Arguments from analogy declare that because two items are the same in one respect they are the same in another. This paper aims to provide a careful study on the relevant ideas in ancient China in order to reconstruct the ancient Chinese theory of argument by analogy, and then to reveal some of its distinctive features through a comparison with the Western counterpart account as developed by Aristotle. Match. Argument by analogy: In an argument by analogy a conclusion is claimed to depend on analogy (a comparison or similarity) between two or more than two things. In this case, if the similarity is relevant it is because the background argument is a sound explanatory argument (of a sort we will cover thoroughly in the next chapter) that establishes that the red stains (the basic similarity) have properties that are best explained as caused by wine (the inferred similarity). In this essay I characterize arguments by analogy, which have an important role both in philosophical and everyday reasoning. “Expressions of shock and sadness came from other coaches and administrators following the announcement by Tulane President Eamon Kelly that the school planned to drop its basketball program in the wake of the alleged gambling scheme and newly discovered NCAA violations. Gravity. In particular, it suggests that you are wrong if you think that all expressions are protected. From a logical point of view, analogical arguments are borrowers. There are always innumerable ways in which they are dissimilar, but most or all of them will be irrelevant. Basic similarity—in an argument from analogy, the property that the two analogs share, presumably without controversy. weak analogy). In short, even if we forget that the phrase clear and present danger may be equivocal, the argument does not score well on the second portion of the total evidence condition. Otherwise, all of the necessary rules the agent or system uses must be programmed in ahead of time, so that they are either explicitly represented in the knowledge base or derivable from it. We can refer to these as the “analogues”. On the other hand, analogical arguments play an important psychological role in suggesting lines of reasoning, and so should be cultivated for that purpose. “The people who get hurt are pretty much innocent,” Breceda said. Let’s eliminate the ambiguity by using the reasonable-premises approach in revising premise 2; in that case it is as follows: 2. It is indicated that in ancient China analogical argument was conceived primarily as a way of arguing based on classification, with a unique mechanism of taking and giving according to kind. If the similarities between the things being compared are major and the differences only minor, then it is a strong analogy. and several recent theorists have put forward compatible positions. Notes. All rights reserved. On that basis, it is argued that although such a characterization captures the logical structure of analogical argument in a similar way to Aristotle, the ancient Chinese theory stresses the foundational role of a particular notion of kind, thus makes the construction and application of analogical arguments become highly flexible and context-sensitive. This gives us the following: 2. The only meaning I know is a sound argument can be offered for it. Accepted: 28-12-2015. They’re the things that are similar, analogous to c. The conclusion may still be true. In this essay I characterize arguments by analogy, which have an important role both in philosophical and everyday reasoning. 2001), and artificial intelligence (Helman 1988;Ashley 1990). A man is not expected to remove his hat in other vehicles, so there is no need for him to do so in an elevator. If P2 is unacceptable, then the argument fails to give good reasons for accepting conclusion C. This means there is a far stronger impetus to work out English department difficulties before disbanding it. Traditionally, writers used the argument from historical analogy against the credibility of many early Christian healing claims; more re- cently, however, Gerd Theissen and others have shown that the argument from analogy actually suggests the contrary.5 Against some traditional I identify roles of domains in biological, linguistic, and legal analogy, supporting the account of law with a computer word search of judicial decisions. But it does not teach its lessons automatically. Poetic analogies, unlike more scientific analogies, aren't supposed to be very precise. One large state university published the following story in its alumni magazine: A preliminary appraisal of the results of a major assessment of faculty and graduate programs conducted by the Conference Board of Associated Research Councils placed our institution second in the nation among public research universities and in the top five overall. If an argument from analogy can be loyally paraphrased in the form described above, then it satisfies the correct form condition. For each of these premises, decide whether its addition would make the conclusion of the resulting argument "MORE OR LESS PROBABLE." For example, in the preceding chapter we looked briefly at the argument Every Japanese car I’ve ever owned has been well built, so that Toyota is probably well built. Deduction is an inference allowing the construction of a C starting from some D and a W. Abduction is an inference of D from an observed fact C and the PME Regional Conference: South America (2018) 71 evocation or discovery of W. Induction is the inference of a W from some cases of D in which a pattern of regularity C is observed. Therefore, a sound argument guarantees that its conclusion is true. The basic analog is compared to the inferred analog; because they have the basic similarity in common, it is concluded that the inferred analog also has the inferred similarity. In cases where you can see the background argument, you may clarify and evaluate either the analogical argument or the background argument. They name the two analogs[1]—that is, the two things (or classes of things) that are said to be analogous. But still, they did it, and the violinist now is plugged into you. The first step in evaluating how well this argument satisfies the total evidence condition is to ignore the two analogs (citizens of Georgia and us) and ask whether the basic similarity—eating yogurt—counts in favor of the inferred similarity—a long life. Any other sort of argument can, in principle, lend its strength to an argument from analogy. Because these figurative analogies can be misleading by oversimplifying the issue under discussion, resisting them by putting forward counter-argumentation is a crucial and necessary skill. If having property P is a logical consequence of having properties Q1 ... Qn, then the analogical argument will be deductively valid. One would like to be able to program into the system a set of criteria for rule formation from which the system can correctly generalize from data as they are received. I believe it happened in this case.”, Q: “Do you consider that proper and appropriate?”, A: “I don’t know. No two things are exactly alike, & no two cases are totally different. Exercise 3.5.3 Use tip A2 to modify the argument given in 3.5.2 (a) so that it is a strong argument. They can be represented by this form: Background argument—an argument that shows that the inferred similarity (of an analogical argument) follows from the basic similarity—that is, an argument that shows that the basic similarity is relevant. Is the Argument from Analogy a Fallacy? We must identify a relevant trait that parents and teachers have in common, namely, that they are authority figures to John. For each of the following arguments by analogy, 6 additional premises are given. Arguments by analogy (6 criteria) STUDY. The basic or inferred analog, for example, will sometimes include more than one item, as in this example: Manatees must be mammals, since whales and dolphins, like manatees, are sea creatures that give live birth, and whales and dolphins are definitely mammals. The premise would probably be true, but we would have created the same logical difficulty described in the Einstein argument—the basic similarity is not the same in each premise. Analogy examples. Any argument based on some already-known similarities between things that concludes some additional point of similarity between them is inductive Argument by Analogy. The traditional epistemological problem of other minds is oftenassociated with scepticism. 1. You’re having trouble with your boss—why should a conflict in an employer–employee relationship be treated any differently? Sample answer. Basic similarity: is a college program (implicit). Proponents of the metaphor may then seek to defend its explanatory merits, in which case the metaphor functions as a standpoint. Analogy and analogical reasoning (stanford encyclopedia of. Since, therefore, the effects resemble each other, we are led to infer, by all the rules of analogy, that the causes also resemble, and that there is an Author of Nature who is somewhat similar to the mind of man, though possessed of much larger faculties, proportioned to the grandeur of the work which he has executed. 3 Inductive Syllogisms. (1) An analogical argument can be challenged most directly by questioning the analogy-stating premise P2 - i.e., questioning whether the analogy drawn between X and Y is a good one. The strength of an analogy usually rests upon the truth of (HP3). What is an Inductive Argument? Also, see explanations of an Argument by Analogy in the lecture notes for Ch. To try to characterize the role of reasoning by analogy in Hume's Dialogues is a worth-while undertaking in logical interpretation, and success in this can advance our understanding of Hume's thought. Stated simply: an analogical argument’s only logical strength is borrowed from a background argument. (P2) is almost always implicit but it is the most important premise in terms of the strength of the argument. This latterdoubt arises in stages, each of which is designed to draw us into amore wide-reaching scepticism: at stage one it is observed that thesenses sometimes deceive; at stage two the possibility o… I argue that the category treatments within these disciplines cannot be exported to general informal logic, where the relevance of properties, not their number, must be the logically prior criterion for evaluating analogical arguments.
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