& Akpomie, K.G. Fig. 2018). The pH of FBPC was determined at 25 °C. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:1224–1228, Sathasivam K, Mas Haris MRH (2010) Adsorption kinetics and capacity of fatty acid-modified banana trunk fibers for oil in water. In the petroleum industry, mixtures of oil and water are encountered in various stages of production, transport, storage and the refining of petroleum. 4. Banana Peels As Adsorbent *By Aysha Shahzad *Teacher Name: Dr Samina. The use of banana fiber as natural absorbent also has promising potential to absorb oil spilling in oil refinery. Adebayo GB, Adegoke HI, Fauzeeyat S (2020) Adsorption of Cr(VI) ions onto goethite, activated carbon and their composite: kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Water Air Soil Poll 213:413–423, Singh R, Gautam N, Mishra A, Gupta R (2011) Heavy metals and living systems: an overview. The dried feldspar was ground using mortar and pestle, and then passed through a 100-μm mesh sieve and stored in an air-tight container. J Environ Anal Toxicol 8(2):1–7, Ohanmu EO, Bako SP (2017) Reproductive capacity of capsicum spp. Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels 4(3): 53-63, Li Y, Xia B, Zhao Q, Liu F, Zhang P, Du Q, Wang D, Li D, Wang Z, Xia Y (2011) Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution by calcium alginate immobilized kaolin. From the results of ΔHo, it can be inferred that the sorption of Estuary and Yokri crude oils by FBPC are physical due to the low magnitude of ΔH0, less than 20.9 kJ/mol (Akpomie and Conradie 2020). In this regard, the result of the adsorption of both Estuary and Yokri crude oils from solutions as a function of FBPC dosage was studied at 25 °C as shown in Fig. The filtrate was kept for 24 h to settle, after which excess water was decanted, and the residue was treated with 30% conc. The morphology and pore structure of FBPC were displayed in the SEM image (Fig. methods, because de-hydrated banana peel have absorbent potentiality and high absorption capacities as a result of absorbing high amount of peroxide from waste cooking oil. It was subsequently drawn, by suction, into arm II (capillary arm) and allowed to flow down through the capillary arm into the lower bulb A. A banana peel, called banana skin in British English, is the outer covering of the banana fruit. Sulphur-containing compounds burn to release sulphur, which forms sulphuric acid and causes acid rain. Effect of concentration on sorption of crude oils onto FBPC. The sample was stirred for 30 s and then allowed to stand. To determine the effect of silanized modification on the hydrophobicity of aerogel, WCA was measured to check the hydrophobicity. The physicochemical properties of the crude oils are presented in Table 1. 2018). Similarly, the crude oil samples, Estuary and Yokri, were obtained from separate oil wells of the Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC), Delta State, Nigeria, through the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Division, Portharcourt, Nigeria. Appl Chemistry 54:12513–12517, Chukwuemeka-Okorie HO, Ekemezie PN, Akpomie KG, Olikagu CS (2018) Calcined corn cob kaolinite combo as new sorbent for sequestration of toxic metal ions from polluted aqua media and desorption. Nitrogen and trace metals are potential catalyst poisons while aromatic compounds like benzene and benzene-unit compounds are carcinogenic (Topsoe et al. Pseudo-second-order plot on sorption of Estuary crude oil onto FBPC, Pseudo-second-order plot on sorption of Yokri crude oil unto FBPC. The advantages of these materials include being cheaper, biodegradability, and non-toxic (Akpomie and Conradie 2020). The scanning electron micrograph showed the existence of pores favourable for the sorption of the crude oil from the solution. At the end of the given contact time, in which equilibrium has been attained, the mixtures were centrifuged at 5000 rpm, to separate the adsorbent from the oil–water mixture solution. H2O2 solution by gradual addition and stirring to oxidise all traces of organic present and kept undisturbed for 24 h. The supernatant was decanted and the feldspar was washed with distilled water to neutral pH, dried in an oven at 105 °C for 24 h, and cooled in a desiccator. The initial increase in adsorption with dosage is due to an increase in the active sites for crude oil removal (Chukwuemeka-Okorie et al. 2020). The batch sorption method was used in this study. The combo of natural organic and inorganic sorbents have been found to enhance the hydrophobicity for oil sorption. Gas flaring during the exploration of crude oil does not only cause global warming through the excess release of greenhouse gases (CO2, NO2, SO2) to the atmosphere but as well causes ocean acidification (UNEP/GRID 2011). Desirable oil/water selectivity is a critical property for oil absorbents [40,41]. They say it will make your … The amount of crude oil removed was determined gravimetrically (Akpomie et al. This implies monolayer sorption of crude oil on a homogenous FBPC surface, suggesting both feldspar and the banana peel biochar were evenly distributed in the composite. 5. These include evaporation, coagulation, floatation, filtration, solvent extraction, chemical precipitation, electrochemical treatment, degradation, ion exchange, oxidation/reduction, reverse osmosis, membrane separation, and activated carbon adsorption (Eze et al. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Proponents of natural products for health and cosmetics suggest using banana peel as an ingredient in a hair mask. For ΔSo, the negative values obtained for the sorption of both Estuary and Yokri crude oils indicated a decrease in randomness. API gravity is one of the properties that have the greatest influence on the value of crude oil. In adsorption studies, the effect of initial adsorbate concentration is an important factor to be determined. 2011; Saleh and Gupta 2012). These samples were specifically collected from these oil wells as a suitable representative of crude oil present in Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:34711–34719, Akpomie KG, Ezeofor CC, Ani JU, Eze SI, Odo CC, Onoabedje EA (2019) Equilbrium isotherm modeling of crude oil sorption from aqua mixture onto Codiaeum variegatum stem powder. The intent of this project is to test the hypothesis that citrus fruit peels such as lemon, tangerine and grapefruit are better absorbents for vegetable oil and motor oil. The physicochemical characterisations of the crude oil samples were performed to determine properties like density, pH, viscosity (kinematic and dynamic), API gravity, moisture, and ash contents (Appenteng et al. 9) crude oils than the Freundlich and Temkin models as revealed by its high R2 values. The X-ray diffractogram (Fig. 2018). new and innovative technology, allow industrial The powdered feldspar was obtained from the Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi (FIIRO), Lagos, Nigeria while the banana peels were collected from Oje Market, Oje, Ibadan, Nigeria. This is due to their high toxicity, non-biodegradability, accumulation in the food chain, and drastic reduction and degradation of marine oxygen (Singh et al. The results of Table 1 revealed that Estuary crude oil is more viscous than Yokri and thus has lower API gravity and more heavy fractions. 2020) while the kinetics was evaluated by the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion model (Umeh et al. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zakho, Iraq, D482. In the same vein, for Yokri crude oil, an increase in the pH of the crude oil solution resulted in a decrease in percentage removal of the crude oil from 99% at pH 2 to 93% at pH 10. in crude oil is also a threat to the environment. The flask and its contents were agitated in a temperature-controlled mechanical orbital shaker at 200 rpm for temperature regulation. In Yokri crude oil, a slight increase in percentage removal was observed from 86% at 25 °C to 88% at 60 °C after which it increased sharply to 98% at 80 °C and then decreased to 48% at 100 °C. The results from the optimized method revealed the applicability of the method to environmental water samples. The prepared FBPC was found to be an efficient inorganic–organic composite sorbent with enhanced hydrophobicity for the sorption of crude oil. J Petrol Explor Prod Tech 5:383–390, Odebunmi EO, Ogunsakin EA, Ilukhor PEP (2002) Characterization of crude oil and petroleum products: (I) Elution liquid chromatographic separation and gas chromatographic analysis of crude oils and petroleum products. Appl Water Sci 10:69, Appenteng MK, Golow AA, Carboo D, Narley VK, Kaka EA, Salifu M, Aidoo F (2013) Physicochemical characterization of the Jubilee crude oil. Batch sorption was used to determine the effect of contact time (30–150 min), temperature (25–100 °C), pH (2.0–10.0), oil concentration (4.0–12.0 g/L) and sorbent dosage (0.1–0.5 g) on sorption. A definite concentration of 7.50 g/l of crude oil solution was prepared by adding 7.50 g of crude oil in 1.0 L of distilled water. The pH of the mixtures was adjusted, using a pH meter, to the required value with 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH. Pet Coal 60(5):985–994, Eze SI, Akpomie KG, Ezeofor CC, Madubuike NV, Ojo FK (2019) Remediation of oil spill polluted water from Niger Delta Nigeria onto ammonium sulfate modified Dialium guineense seed husk. However, besides the environmental impact of the heteroatoms, oil spillage has remained the most common as well as devastating contaminants of the environment. The sun-dried banana peels were crushed to increase the surface area, sieved through 100- ˆm mesh, oven-dried at 105˚°or 24˚h, and then heated in a muffle furnace at 300˚°or 6˚h, since lower tempera- ture produces more cha(insley 2007)to give activated charcoal ()The prepared biochar was cooled, washed with distilled water until it was clean, oven-dried at 105˚°or 3˚h, sieved … This agrees with the research by Odebunmi et al. Feldspar-banana peel composite adsorbent for efficient crude oil removal from solution. 2010). 20 mL of distilled water was added into 1.0 g of adsorbent in an amber glass bottle, shaken, allowed to stand for 24 h, and then filtered. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Banana peel is tested using gas oil, 1- and 7-day weathered Almein crude oil. 2020). For Estuary crude oil solution, there was an increase in percentage removal from 35% at 25 °C to 58% at 80 °C where the maximum removal was attained after which the percentage removal decreased to 36% at 100 °C. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. The crucible with the sample was gently heated to burn at a uniform and moderate rate leaving only carbonaceous residue, then transferred into a muffle furnace, heated at 500 °C for 30 min, and cooled. Part of Springer Nature. Onshore oil spillage is very phytotoxic to plant and injurious to animals (FEPA 1991). 3. Thermodynamic studies enable us to investigate the feasibility, spontaneity, and heat change of sorption. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 2011). Similarly, there was an increase in percentage removal as the initial concentration of Yokri crude oil was increased from 88% at 4 g/l to 99% at 10 g/l, thereafter there was a decrease in percentage removal. 7 reveals the effect of temperature on the sorption of Estuary and Yokri crude oils by FBPC. As a result, the chemicals that end up in the groundwater come right back to us via our drinking water, cooking water, or shower water. where W1 is the weight of empty crucible, W2 is the weight of crude oil in the crucible and W3 is the weight of crucible containing the ash after heating at 500 °C. 2. The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. It had not only contaminated the potable drinking water but also denatured the marine environment and jeopardised the aquatic lives. The adsorption experiments were performed by equilibrating 0.2 g of FBPC with 25.0 ml of prepared crude oil solution in a stoppered conical flask, at room temperature. Keywords: (banana peel, packed column, sorbent, crude oil, polluted water) 1.0 Introduction The amounts and types of oily wastes discharged from various industries vary considerably. This is due to the desorption of oil into the solution. [NEW DELHI] Fibre from the stem of the banana plant can efficiently absorb oil spills that pollute coasts and threaten marine life says a new study by Indian researchers. Developing separation materials for rapidly oil absorption and emulsions separation is urgently needed and remains a great challenge. It also can be used as absorbent in colored wastewater from the dyes of textile industry [39, 40]. Effect of adsorbent dosage on the sorption of crude oils onto FBPC. This result was expected and may be due to the presence of dissolved salts in the oil. Conventional techniques have been employed for the removal of crude oil from waters regardless of being physical, chemical, or biological. Thermodynamics showed that adsorption of the two crude oils occurred through physical sorption due to the low value of enthalpy ΔH0 obtained. However, the positive value of ΔG0 obtained for adsorption of Yokri crude oil by FBPC indicated non-spontaneous adsorption (Adebayo et al. The results of XRD and pH are consistent with the composition of feldspar; SiO2, Al2O3, Na/K2O, and CaO, indicating that feldspar is a principal component of the composite. 11) crude oils, due to the higher value of regression coefficient R2. This study therefore confirms that banana peel is a promising adsorbent for the removal of chromium from industrial effluent. PREPARATION OF BANANA PEEL BIOSORBENT FOR OIL REMOVAL : CHARACTERIZATION USING FT-IR AND SEM ANALYSIS AND FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SORPTION PROCESS Background Used of sorbents in combating oil spills are very attractive, as it allows collection and complete removal of oil J Hazard Mater 174:756–762, Meitei MD, Prasad MNV (2013) Lead(II) and cadmium(II) biosorption on Spirodela polyrhiza (L) schleiden biomass. A similar report was obtained (Meitei and Prasad 2013). Fig. 2010). The density of crude oil is an indication of the composition of crude oil as well as the ease with which it can be processed. The increase in adsorption with an increase in concentration may be attributed to a higher concentration gradient which acts as a driving force to overcome the resistance of mass transfer of the crude oil between the solid and the aqueous phase (Liang et al. Be sure to not overcrowd the pan. Two marks: one above and one below the upper bulb B, indicate a known volume. This implies monolayer sorption of crude oil on a homogenous FBPC surface, suggesting both feldspar and the banana peel biochar were evenly distributed in the composite. The prepared FBPC was first placed in the sample stud and then the stud placed at the sample compartment where the SEM (VEG A3 TESCAN) was run to determine the characteristic pore structures. However, most of these existing processes have the disadvantages of high cost, low removal efficiency, secondary contamination, difficulty to apply, and high energy requirement (Liang et al. 3. Chika J. Abonyi. While cellulose contain in the orange peels is less than in banana peel and it is effectively to react with a light oil such as petrol. Crude oil containing more than 0.05% ash content is considered high ash oil whereas those having less than 0.02% are regarded as low ash oil (Yasir 2015). Effect of pH on the sorption of crude oils onto FBPC. Ind J Pharm 43:246–253, Topsoe H, Bjerne CS, Massoth FE (1996) Hydro-treating Catalysis: Science and Technology. To learn more, view our, Oil removal from crude oil polluted water using banana peel as sorbent in a packed column, biosorption and kinetic studies on oil removal from produced water using banana peel, EGG SHELL AS A POTENTIAL OIL SORBENT FOR CRUDE OIL SPILL REMEDIATION, oil removal from produced water using surfactant modified eggshell, Banana Peel as Removal Agent for Sulfide from Sulfur Springs Water, Emad AbdulRahman Mohammed Salih Al-Heety. Applied Water Science Effect of contact time on the sorption of crude oils onto FBPC. Also, the percentage removal of Yokri crude oil increased gradually from 96% at 0.1 g to 97% at 0.2 g, attaining maximum removal of 97% at 0.3 g, and thereafter the percentage removal decreased. An increase in pH of the Estuary crude oil solution resulted in a decrease in the percentage removal of the crude oil. 6 shows the effect of solution pH on the adsorption of Estuary and Yokri crude oils by FBPC. The Langmuir model with R2 > 0.7781 presented the best fit than the Temkin and Freundlich model in the isotherm analysis, while the pseudo-second-order model with R2 > 0.9711 was applicable in the kinetics of sorption. 4. J Environ Chem Eng 1:200–207, Nwadinigwe CA, Alumona TN (2014) NAASAR procedure for the quantitative assessment of n-alkanes, asphaltenes and resins in crude. adsorption. The rapid uptake of crude oil by the FBPC at the initial stage is due to the presence of abundant active sites on the surface of FBPC, which gets used up with time, attaining saturation (Meitei and Prasad 2013). The pH of the supernatant was taken using a calibrated (BOSCH PHS Microprocessor) pH meter. The viscosity of the crude oil samples was determined using Ostwald viscometer. Appl Water Sci 10:213, Article  Particularly, biomass materials that have been extensively used include yam peels, wheat straw, sawdust, rice residues, corncob, coconut husk, kenaf, kapok fibres, cotton, wool, and wood (Sathasivam and Mas-Haris 2010; Ali et al. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The Estuary crude oil was collected from Estuary Oilfield Well-27S extracted on December 10, 2018, while Yokri crude oil was gotten from Yokri Oilfield Well-127 T extracted on February 1, 2019. Google Scholar, Akpomie KG, Conradie J (2020) Advances in application of cotton based adsorbents for heavy metals trapping, surface modifications and future perspectives. Ademiluyi, et al., (2009) studied the adsorption of organic contaminates from refinery waste using activated carbon from waste Nigerian bamboo. The charred hybrid was washed with distilled water to remove ash, drained, and oven-dried at 105 °C for 24 h, designated as FBPC, and kept in an air-tight container for use. These materials, which may be present naturally or formed during refining, storage, or distribution are obtained after the combustion of crude oil in the air at a specific high temperature usually 500 °C. Relatively low cost, readily available and environmental friendly. J Catal Sci Technol 11:1–310, Umeh C, Asegbeloyin JN, Akpomie KG, Oyeka EE, Ochonogor AE (2020) Adsorption properties of tropical soils from Awka North Anambra Nigeria for lead and cadmium ions from aqueous media. 10) and Yokri (Fig. 2020). New Zealand Sci Rev 64(5):5, Yasir AA (2015) Standard Test for Ash from Petroleum Products. In conclusion, a Feldspar-banana peel biochar composite (FBPC) was used for the sorption of crude oils (Yokri and Estuary) collected from two oil wells in Nigeria. Then dried again in oven for 24 hours at 105°C. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Carefully place each peel into the oil, frying for about 2-3 minutes on each side, or until golden-brown. These results indicate that lower pH was more favourable for the crude oil sorption on FBPC. Therefore, in this study, the hybridization of banana peel and orange peel as adsorbent will be determined because those peels have special characteristics that can react to various types of oil. Let sit on the skin for 15 minutes. In this study, the effect of Estuary and Yokri crude oil concentrations on adsorption by FBPC is presented in Fig. It was dispersed in excess distilled water in a pre-treated plastic container, stirred to ensure uniform dissolution, and then filtered. In-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library, Winsley P (2007) Biochar and bioenergy production for climate change mitigation. Therefore this study was aimed at the preparation of a novel feldspar-banana peel biochar composite (FBPC) with enhanced hydrophobicity for the sorption of crude oil. The amount of ash was determined using the formula. Dawodu, F.A., Abonyi, C.J. A column study was conducted to evaluate efficiency of banana peel as sorbent in the removal of oil from crude oil polluted water. For Estuary crude oil solution, there was an increase in percentage removal as time increased from 44% at 30 min to 56% at 120 min where the maximum removal was attained after which the percentage removal decreased to 45% at 150 min. apple, banana, tangerine, pomegranate, avocado and grape fruit peels. volume 11, Article number: 3 (2021) Effect of temperature on sorption of crude oils onto FBPC. Environ Technol 33(4):481–486, Ani JU, Akpomie KG, Okoro UC, Aneke LE, Onukwuli OD, Ujam OT (2020) Potentials of activated carbon produced from biomass, materials for the sequestration of dyes, heavy metals and crude oil components from aqueous environment. Research Journal of Biology 5(4): 8–12, Rodrigues EVA, Silva SRC, Ramao W, Castro EVR, Filgueiras PR (2018) Determination of crude oil physicochemical properties by high temperature gas chromatography associated with multivariable calibration. Sequel to this, it is, therefore, possible that the introduction of banana peels to feldspar would present a heterogeneous surface with better adsorption potential and hydrophobicity than the chemically treated forms and also have the advantage of a lower cost. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. While cellulose contain in the orange peels is less than in banana peel and it is effectively to react with a light oil such as petrol. To investigate the kinetics of sorption of crude oils from solution onto FBPC, the effect of contact time was studied at a time interval of 30–150 min as shown in Fig. This is because each type of adsorbent has a limited number of active sites that become saturated at certain concentrations (Meitei and Prasad 2013). Slices of banana peel were cut into small pieces, dried, crushed and passed through 120 mesh sieve (125 µm). The bottle with the sample was then weighed and the density was determined according to the formula: where W1 is the weight of the empty bottle, W2 is the weight of the bottle with sample and V is the volume of the density bottle. The study was carried out in a packed continuous column with initial oil concentration of 200 mg/L for 6 h. The result Various peak areas also, were shown by it. Pet Sci Technol 37(3):329–336, Ali N, El-Harbawi M, Jabal AA, Yin CY (2012) Characteristics and oil sorption effectiveness of Kapok Fibre, sugarcane bagasse and rice husks: Oil removal suitability matrix. Crude oil viscosity is an important physical property that controls and influences the flow of oil through porous media and pipes. Either way, the chemicals sticking to the skin of the banana will ultimately leach into our soil and groundwater, wherever we may place the peel. According to Ghulam et al. Final Year Project for Diploma in Petrochemical (Process) 2017 Polytechnic Kuching, Sarawak.. The thermodynamic analysis revealed a decrease in randomness at the crude oil-FBPC interface. Adsorbents prepared from two different types of fruit peel, banana (Musa Balbisiana) peel and orange (Citrus Sinensis) peel, which are a domestic waste, successfully used to … The API gravity was calculated by determining from the specific gravity (S.G) of the crude oil sample using this equation. The maximum monolayer sorption capacity indicated a higher uptake of Yokri crude oil (0.3562 g/g) compared to Estuary crude oil (0.0240 mg/g). Importantly, the novel prepared composite was found to be efficient for the sorption of the two crude oil from aqueous solution and is recommended for environmental treatment of oil spills. Thus the effect of contact time (30–150 min), adsorbent dosage (0.1–0.5 g), crude oil concentration (4.0–12.0 g/l), pH (2.0–10.0), temperature (25–100 °C) were studied. The increment observed may be due to the creation of more active sites on the adsorbent as a result of the dissociation of some of the surface components and the acquisition of more kinetic energy to overcome the energy barrier of the sorption (Li et al. In the determination of moisture content, 5.0 g of the crude oil sample was taken, using a dropper, into a glass fibre paper, placed in a moisture analyser machine (AND-MX-50 Moisture Analyser) at 105 °C. Briefly, 50 mL capacity clean dry empty density bottle was first weighed at 25 °C, filled with crude oil to the brim and then carefully corked to expel trapped air. 2019; Akpomie et al. A column study was conducted to evaluate efficiency of banana peel as sorbent in the removal of oil from crude oil polluted water. X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) was used to investigate the atomic arrangement, phase composition as well as crystalline phases of FBPC. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the crystalline phases of the FBPC as feldspar, ilmenite, pyrite, and limestone. The lower the viscosity the lighter the crude oil fractions and vice versa. Precisely, this present study investigated the use of feldspar-banana peel (Musa acuminata) biochar composite as a cheap and novel adsorbent for the removal of crude oil from aqueous solution. The pH of a crude oil enables us to determine how acidic or alkaline a crude oil sample might be. Adjustment of solution pH alters the binding sites of sorbent, which in turn affects the sorption. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. A total of 100 g each of purified feldspar and prepared banana peel powder (1:1) was mixed in 500-mL flask with 200 mL 0.1 M NaOH, dried in an oven at 105 °C for 24 h, and then charred in a muffle furnace at 300 °C for 6 h, after which the furnace was cooled, and the black hybrid removed from the furnace. The sorption isotherm of crude oil on FBPC was analysed by the Temkin, Freundlich, and Langmuir isotherm models (David et al. You can do this when cleaning your bags, couches, jackets, and shoes. While the peels are frying, whisk up a marinade in a large bowl using ¼ cup vegetable oil, 1 tablespoon soy sauce, 1 tablespoon maple syrup, 1 tablespoon brown sugar, ½ teaspoon garlic powder, ¼ teaspoon liquid smoke, ¼ … 2018; Rodrigues et al. The maximum monolayer sorption capacity indicated a higher uptake of Yokri crude oil (0.3562 g/g) compared to Estuary crude oil (0.0240 mg/g). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was carried out to ascertain the surface topography, pore structure, morphology, structural changes, and composition of FBPC. This study identifies the banana peel waste as a suitable sorbent to be utilized for continuous remediation of oil from oil polluted water. The negative and positive values of ΔH0, respectively, obtained from adsorption of Estuary and Yokri crude oils by FBPC showed that the sorption process is exothermic and endothermic respectively. Langmuir adsorption isotherm model presented the best fit to the experimental data compared to the Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms, suggesting a monolayer crude oil sorption. In this study (Table 1), Estuary and Yokri crude oils are of medium crude in nature with Yokri crude slightly tending towards paraffinic compared to Estuary. Apply a ripe banana peel to the affected area of the skin. The decrease at 100 °C is due to an increase in crude oil flow from the sorbent material due to a decrease in viscosity with temperature. The pH was taken at the point of stability of the pH reading on the pH meter. Thereafter, the moisture reading was taken in percentage after 3 h. For the determination of the ash content, a clean dry empty crucible was first weighed, filled with 2.0 g of crude oil, and weighed again. In each case, one parameter was varied, while others are kept constant at optimum conditions. Cite this article. However, at a longer contact time, the whole available site on the FBPC would have been occupied as adsorption becomes more difficult and no crude oil can be adsorbed, thus leading to desorption. A banana peel is rich in enzymes and these enzymes in the banana skin have a pulling action that will draw the foreign subject to the surface of the skin which will make it much easier to grab the splinter or sliver or glass with a pair of tweezers.
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