Crimes like lynching (especially in the United States) are often thought of as the result of popular bigotry and government apathy. Sadly, there are many examples of dehumanization that are spread throughout human history. Ethnic and racial others are often represented as animals in popular culture and scholarship. During this period, religion was still the driving force behind many political and scientific activities. [59] Yuille investigated a gang injunction in Monrovia, California, which prohibits suspected gang members from engaging in a wide range of activities that would otherwise be legal. [57] Phillips argues that the continued registration and use of the 'Redskins' trademark is an appropriation of the cultural identity and imagery of Native Americans that rises to the level of a dignity taking. Even when treatment and a cure were eventually developed, they were withheld from the African-American participants so that researchers could continue their study. "Interpersonal control, dehumanization, and violence: A self-determination theory perspective". Regulatory property actions also dehumanize in the context of mobile trailer home parks. Arch Enemy is a Swedish melodic death metal band, originally a supergroup, from Halmstad, formed in 1995.Its members were in bands such as Carcass, Armageddon, Carnage, Mercyful Fate, Spiritual Beggars, The Agonist, Nevermore, and Eucharist.It was founded by Carcass guitarist Michael Amott along with Johan Liiva, who were both originally from the death metal band Carnage. At times, some people believe others to be only animals. From the sixteenth century forward, blood flowed in battles over racial supremacy. Dehumanization has occurred historically under the pretense of "progress in the name of science." The perpetual misuse of these words used to describe the other in the English language can alter the perception of a group in a derogatory way. Other minoritized and marginalized individuals and groups (based on sexual orientation, gender, disability, class, or some other organizing principle) are also susceptible to various forms of dehumanization. [68] While the players are dehumanized, the video game characters are often anthropomorphized. [52] Franz Boas and Charles Darwin hypothesized that there might be an evolutionary process among primates. Let's begin at the end. That is, a low status, socially disconnected person without power should be more likely to attribute human qualities to pets or inanimate objects than a high-status, high-power, socially connected person. ", "Not "just words": Exposure to homophobic epithets leads to dehumanizing and physical distancing from gay men", "Judge Says Remarks on 'Gorillas' May Be Cited in Trial on Beating", "Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences", "Dignity Takings and Dignity Restoration: Creating a New Theoretical Framework for Understanding Involuntary Property Loss and the Remedies Required", "Dignity Takings and "Trailer Trash": The Case Of Mobile Home Park Mass Evictions", "Dignity Takings in Gangland's Suburban Frontier", "The effects of including a patient's photograph to the radiographic examination", "Social Cognition Unbound: Insights Into Anthropomorphism and Dehumanization", "The man who was caged in a zoo | Pamela Newkirk", https://web.archive.org/web/20100929000211/http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/Dehumanization, Racial bias in criminal news in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dehumanization&oldid=1005413807, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, All Wikipedia articles that are incomprehensible, Wikipedia articles that are incomprehensible from September 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 February 2021, at 15:07. Dehumanization often ignores the target's individuality (i.e., the creative and exciting aspects of their personality) and can hinder one from feeling empathy or correctly understanding a stigmatized group.[9]. Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting), Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms, United States Declaration of Independence, six Australian colonies assented to federation, Perceived psychological contract violation, "The Theatre of Cruelty: Dehumanization, Objectification & Abu Ghraib", "The Emotional Side of Prejudice: The Attribution of Secondary Emotions to Ingroups and Outgroups", "Not yet human: implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences", "Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women's Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks", "Of Animals and Objects: Men's Implicit Dehumanization of Women and Likelihood of Sexual Aggression", "Plains Humanities: Wounded Knee Massacre", "Facebook labels declaration of independence as 'hate speech, "L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation", "Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: Our Nation was Born in Genocide", "Reflection today: "Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrin...", "Dr. King spoke out against the genocide of Native Americans", "Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency", "Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency", "Disinhibition of aggression through diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization of victims", "Social groups that elicit disgust are differentially processed in mPFC", Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, "Regions of the MPFC differentially tuned to social and nonsocial affective evaluation", "Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low: Neuroimaging Responses to Extreme Out-Groups", "Indigestible Food, Conquering Hordes, and Waste Materials: Metaphors of Immigrants and the Early Immigration Restriction Debate in the United States", "Why are white people expats when the rest of us are immigrants? Blackface is part of a history of dehumanization, of denied citizenship, and of efforts to excuse and justify state violence. Distributive principles vary in numerous dimensions. Researchers have found that engaging in violent video game play diminishes perceptions of both one's own humanity and the humanity of the players who are targets of the game violence. A lot of people blame cruelty on dehumanization. 1. One pair of studies found that subjects were more likely to associate malignant language with homosexuals, and that such language associations increased the physical distancing between the subject and the homosexual. Behaviorally, dehumanization describes a disposition towards others that debases the others' individuality as either an "individual" species or an "individual" object (e.g., someone who acts inhumanely towards humans). Multiracial whiteness reflects an understanding of whiteness as a political color and not simply a racial identity — a discriminatory worldview in which feelings of freedom and belonging are produced through the persecution and dehumanization of others. Monkeys and apes were least evolved, then savage and deformed anthropoids, which referred to people of African ancestry, to Caucasians as most developed. The US Constitution held that enslaved Africans would be counted as three-fifths of a free person for purposes of federal representation and direct taxes. "Besides manipulations of target persons, manipulations of social goals validate this prediction: Inferring preference, a mental-state inference, significantly increases mPFC and STS activity to these otherwise dehumanized targets. Additionally, Yuille argues that the state treats young gang members like superpredators instead of the children they are. [60][61] State media are also capable of carrying out dehumanization campaigns, whether in democracies or dictatorships, which are pervasive enough that the population cannot avoid the dehumanizing memes. [1][2][3] A practical definition refers to it as the viewing and treatment of other persons as though they lack the mental capacities that are commonly attributed to human beings. Bar-Tal, D. (1989). Thus, having a high status makes one more likely to dehumanize others. Further, "immigrant" is a word that can be paired with "illegal," which harbors a profoundly negative connotation to those projecting social cognition towards the other. This paradox comes to light, as Smith identifies, because the reason people are dehumanized is so their human attributes can be taken advantage of. [citation needed] Dictatorships use the same process to prevent opposition by citizens. [48], In 1901, the six Australian colonies assented to federation, creating the modern nation state of Australia and its government. Delivered to your inbox! Bill Browder's account reads like a thriller but its non fiction and is compelling reading for anyone interested in reading about High Finance, Murder and one man's fight for justice in modern Russia. Neuroimaging studies have discovered that the medial prefrontal cortex—a brain region distinctively involved in attributing mental states to others—shows diminished activation to extremely dehumanized targets (i.e., those rated, according to the stereotype content model, as low-warmth and low-competence, such as drug addicts or homeless people). Cullen Stanton Rutherford (born in approximately 9:11 Dragon67) is a Fereldan templar. The Concept of Dehumanization Explained With Great Examples. [23][further explanation needed], Native Americans were dehumanized as "merciless Indian savages" in the United States Declaration of Independence. The destruction of the great library of Alexandria has been lamented as one of the biggest losses of the ancient world. [7] Social norms define humane behavior and reflexively define what is outside of humane behavior or inhumane. There is no other classification that I'm aware of where the individual is being rendered as unlawful as opposed to those individuals' actions. Dehumanization may be carried out by a social institution (such as a state, school, or family), interpersonally, or even within oneself. [49], Dehumanization and dehumanized perception can occur as a result of the language used to describe groups of people. Infrahumanization suggests that individuals think of and treat outgroup members as "less human" and more like animals;[12] while Australian ethnologist Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt uses the term pseudo-speciation, a term that he borrowed from the psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, to imply that the dehumanized person or persons are regarded as not members of the human species. "… you treat people with respect, you get respect back. "Dehumanisation is viewed as a central component to intergroup violence because it is frequently the most important precursor to moral exclusion, the process by which stigmatized groups are placed outside the boundary in which moral values, rules, and considerations of fairness apply. Test your visual vocabulary with our 10-question challenge! Words such as migrant, immigrant, and expatriate are assigned to foreigners based on their social status and wealth, rather than ability, achievements, or political alignment. Such "good versus evil" claims help end substantive debate (see also: thought-terminating cliché). Expatriate is a word to describe the privileged, often light-skinned people newly residing in an area and has connotations that suggest ability, wealth, and trust. Learn a new word every day. Lt. Col. Dave Grossman has shown that it would be difficult without such desensitization, if not impossible, to kill another human, even in combat or under threat to their own lives. INTRODUCTION George Orwell’s 1984 offers a thought-provoking learning experience for high schools students. Now this is an explosive, revealing and shocking read that had my complete attention from page one. Accessed 27 Feb. 2021. Herman, Edward S., and Noam Chomsky. We construct a narrative where liberals are the heroes, where they act with meaning and purpose — and where conservatives are evil, the enemy. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of London, Kings College, where he worked on Freud’s philosophy of mind and psychology. Such efforts often depend on pre-existing racist, sectarian, or otherwise biased beliefs, which governments play upon through various types of media, presenting "enemies" as barbaric, as undeserving of rights, and as threats to the nation. [43] Finally, social connection—thinking about a close other or being in the actual presence of a close other—enables dehumanization by reducing the attribution of human mental states, increasing support for treating targets like animals, and increasing willingness to endorse harsh interrogation tactics. See the full definition for dehumanize in the English Language Learners Dictionary, Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for dehumanize. The joy of the gospel fills the hearts and lives of all who encounter Jesus. Benga's imprisonment was put on display as a public service showcasing "a degraded and degenerate race." Even before there were large numbers of Negroes on our shores, the scar of racial hatred had already disfigured colonial society. [54] When people become things, the logic follows, they become dispensable, and any atrocity can be justified. 'All Intensive Purposes' or 'All Intents and Purposes'? In the romantic period of painting, martyrdom art was most often a means of deifying the oppressed and tormented, and it was common for Goya to depict evil personalities performing these unjust horrible acts. [18], In Herbert Kelman's work on dehumanization, humanness has two features: "identity" (i.e., a perception of the person "as an individual, independent and distinguishable from others, capable of making choices") and "community" (i.e., a perception of the person as "part of an interconnected network of individuals who care for each other"). In a Quinnipiac University poll that year, nearly a quarter of Americans identified the free press as “an enemy of the people.” About 30% of the population is predisposed to authoritarian leadership, according to Anne Applebaum, author of “Twilight of Democracy.” For instance, there is dehumanization for those who are perceived as lacking in culture or civility, which are concepts that are believed to distinguish humans from animals. [according to whom?] In laboratory studies, people who are portrayed as lacking human qualities are treated in a particularly harsh and violent manner. It provides challenging reading, stimulating themes of dehumanization, isolation, repression, loneliness, social class disparity, and abuse of power, and a basis [12] Dehumanization is intrinsically connected with violence. While social distance from the outgroup target is a necessary condition for dehumanization, some research suggests that this alone is insufficient. Dehumanization made much of this carnage possible. Dehumanization is actually an extension of a less intense process of developing an "enemy image" of the opponent.During the course of protracted conflict, feelings of anger, fear, and distrust shape the way that the parties perceive each other. Maiese defines dehumanization as “the psychological process of demonizing the enemy, making them seem less than human and hence not worthy of humane treatment.” Dehumanizing often starts with creating an enemy image. But it was revolutionary the way the painter broke this convention by dehumanizing these martyr figures. 282-314 in G. M. Kren & L. H. Rappoport (Eds. Aboriginals in rural areas were discriminated against and controlled as to where and how they could marry, work, live, and their movements. You said something last night that I think is worth repeating, “Valuing voice is an antidote to dehumanization.” What we are seeing is the dehumanization of two sides, but it is because the voice is being shut down. [47] Historically, dehumanization is frequently connected to genocidal conflicts in that ideologies before and during the conflict depict victims as subhuman (e.g., rodents). Having wronged them for centuries we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this context, a specialty within species does not need to constitute global citizenship or its inalienable rights; the human genome inherits both. There is evidence that this representation persists in the American context with African Americans implicitly associated with apes. Moller, A. C., & Deci, E. L. (2010). [29] Both movements aimed to overturn dehumanizing attitudes held by members of the public at large against them. [38] Tasks involving social cognition typically activate the neural network responsible for subjective projections of disgust-inducing perceptions and patterns of dehumanization. [17] In his work "The Paradoxes of Dehumanization", Smith proposes that dehumanization simultaneously regards people as human and subhuman. (2008, December 3). [10][11] It is conceptually related to infrahumanization,[12] delegitimization,[13] moral exclusion,[14] and objectification. [22], Philosopher Martha Nussbaum identified seven components of objectification: instrumentality, denial of autonomy, inertness, fungibility, violability, ownership, and denial of subjectivity. Adversarial attitudes and perceptions develop and parties begin to attribute negative traits to their opponent. [4] In this definition, every act or thought that regards a person as "less than" human is dehumanization.[5]. So, oddly, let things get to you. ); in the nature of the recipients of the distribution (individual persons, groups of persons, reference classes, etc. [60], Non-state actors—terrorists in particular—have also resorted to dehumanization to further their cause. University of Colorado Professor Esther Sullivan explores whether mass evictions spurred by park closings, even if legal, constitute a dignity taking. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past."[26]. Meanwhile, the word immigrant is used to describe people coming to a new location to reside and infers a much less-desirable meaning. [citation needed]. [citation needed]. Evangelii Gaudium, Apostolic Exhortation of Pope Francis, 2013. In D. Bar-Tal, C. Graumann, A. Kruglanski, &. The Psychology of Dehumanization. Such arguments have been used as a pretext for colonialism. It is theorized[by whom?] Behind Enemy Lines February 11, 2021 Mr. Chavez’s incarceration tells a truth about utter dismissal of fellow human beings and injustices perpetrated upon himself, his family and so many others, who are suffering and dying from the racist abuses of a system that is designed for dehumanization and genocide of non-white and other vulnerable people. These epithets (e.g., faggot) were thought to function as dehumanizing labels because they tended to act as markers of deviance. Moral exclusion is used to explain extreme behaviors like genocide, harsh immigration policies, and eugenics, but it can also happen on a more regular, everyday discriminatory level. While the dissection of human cadavers was seen as dehumanizing in the Dark Ages (see history of anatomy), the value of dissections as a training aid is such that they are now more widely accepted. State-organized dehumanization has historically been directed against perceived political, racial, ethnic, national, or religious minority groups. "[who said this? [8] Immigrants may also be dehumanized in this manner. For example, they cannot wear "gang clothes" or carry "marking substances" like paint cans, pens, and other writing utensils that might be used for graffiti in public. [citation needed] Often, one cannot do serious injury to another without first dehumanizing him or her in one's mind (as a form of rationalization. [55][56] Through the use of racial slurs, disguised as mascots, coupled with the historical taking of Native American lands, dehumanization establishes dignity taking in the context of sports team trademarks, such as the Washington Redskins. Those who accept his offer of salvation are set free from sin, sorrow, inner emptiness and loneliness. Indigenous Australians were not allowed the social security benefits (e.g., aged pensions and maternity allowances) which were provided to others. Yuille concludes that Monrovia has subjected suspected gang members to a loss of dignity because dehumanization occurs alongside property deprivation. This indicated that the malignant language could encourage dehumanization, cognitive and physical distancing in ways that other forms of malignant language do not. Some research has indicated that women and men exhibit a "sexual body part recognition bias", in which women's sexual body parts are better recognized when presented in isolation than in their entire bodies. "Most of the time when we hear [illegal immigrant] used, most of the time, the shorter version 'illegals' is being used as a noun, which implies that a human being is perpetually illegal. (1988). "[16], David Livingstone Smith, director and founder of The Human Nature Project at the University of New England, argues that historically, human beings have been dehumanizing one another for thousands of years. [36] This includes areas of neural networking such as the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). ][50], A series of language examinations found a direct relation between homophobic epithets and social cognitive distancing towards a group of homosexuals, a form of dehumanization. Similarly, Nazi scientists conducted horrific experiments on Jewish people during the Holocaust. If the new norms lose acceptance, then the action remains one of dehumanization. In political science and jurisprudence, the act of dehumanization is the inferential alienation of human rights or denaturalization of natural rights, a definition contingent upon presiding international law rather than social norms limited by human geography. Dehumanization is one of eight forms of “moral disengagement” described by the psychologist Albert Bandura. Relatively recent history has seen the relationship between dehumanization and science result in unethical scientific research. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. [15] Dehumanization occurs across several domains; it is facilitated by status, power, and social connection; and results in behaviors like exclusion, violence, and support for violence against others. Dehumanization can be unintentional, especially upon individuals, as with some types of de facto racism. [70], Behavior or process that undermines individuality of and in others. His current research is focused on dehumanization, race, propaganda, and related topics. [32], According to Daniel Bar-Tal, delegitimization is the "categorization of groups into extreme negative social categories which are excluded from human groups that are considered as acting within the limits of acceptable norms and values". In almost all contexts, dehumanization is used pejoratively along with a disruption of social norms, with the former applying to the actor(s) of behavioral dehumanization and the latter applying to the action(s) or processes of dehumanization. When a target's agency and embeddedness in a community are denied, they no longer elicit compassion or other moral responses and may suffer violence. The enemy right now is those who are shutting the voice down. [6] It has also been used to justify war, judicial and extrajudicial killing, slavery, the confiscation of property, denial of suffrage and other rights, and to attack enemies or political opponents. [20] The psychological distance women may feel from their bodies might cause them to dehumanize themselves. "...one would not know whom the painting depicts, so determinedly has Goya reduced his subjects from martyrs to meat". Nearly one million documents from across Assyria, Greece, Persia, Egypt, India and many other powerful civilizations at the time graced its shelves. In some US states, controversial legislation requires that a woman view ultrasound images of her fetus before having an abortion. “Dehumanize.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dehumanize. Dehumanization has applications outside traditional social contexts. In Martin Luther King Jr.'s book on civil rights, Why We Can't Wait, he wrote: Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race.
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